Chomsky
identified three basic types of syntactic structures: finite state grammar,
phrase structure grammar, and transformational grammar. Transformational
grammar is a means of dealing with constituent structures like active and
passive forms. This is done through a set of rules that are based on the
phrase structure, the horizontal structure, and the vertical or tree
structure. Those rules transform phrase structures into other forms and
provide a more economical explanation of how language functions.
Transformational grammar, then, is a means of explaining the deep structure of
a language. In the 1970’s there was great optimism regarding
transformational grammar. It emphasis on how surface structures can be
generated from deep structures and how structures can be transformed into
stylistic variants seemed to indicate that a study of transformational grammar
would carry over into “improved” language use.
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