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Research: Teaching and Learning Grammar

Chomsky identified three basic types of syntactic structures: finite state grammar, phrase structure grammar, and transformational grammar. Transformational grammar is a means of dealing with constituent structures like active and passive forms.  This is done through a set of rules that are based on the phrase structure, the horizontal structure, and the vertical or tree structure.  Those rules transform phrase structures into other forms and provide a more economical explanation of how language functions.  Transformational grammar, then, is a means of explaining the deep structure of a language.  In the 1970’s there was great optimism regarding transformational grammar.  It emphasis on how surface structures can be generated from deep structures and how structures can be transformed into stylistic variants seemed to indicate that a study of transformational grammar would carry over into “improved” language use.  

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